英語 母音つづり パターン 一覧表
つづり と 発音 の 表記上 の 対応
このページには、つづり の 読みかた と いう こと では なく、英語の それぞれの 母音が どのように 表記 されて いる か と いう 観点 から の 一覧表を のせて あります。つづり と 発音 の 基本的な 対応と、そこ から 逸脱 した 例外を かくにん します。
パターンとして 類推が 有効な ものは 容認 しつつ、無理なく 修正 できそうな ものは 書きなおして しめします。そのような 場合を 《プチつづり字改革》と よぶ こと に します。
Short Vowels 「短音」
Short A ---「短音」の a
英音と米音で a の発音が 異なる 場合、ここでは 区別せずに 米音を 優先させています。
"a"(基本)--- cat, happen, passion, saddle, habbit, rabit, tacit, rapid, magic
変則的 --- aunt（米語発音では ant と おなじ 読みかた）
《プチつづり字改革》
bade === (badd), bade/beId/
draught === draft
guarantee === garantee
guaranty === garanty
laugh === laff
laughter === lafter
plaid === plad
plait === (plat), plait/pleIt/
Short E ---「短音」の e
"e"（基本）--- best, cell, net, pen, kettle, settle, session, settle
変則的な つづり --- any, many, says, said, again, against
《プチつづり字改革》
friend === frend
heifer === heffer
jeopardy === jeppardy, jepardy
leopard === leppard, lepard
ea を Short E で発音する語。
abreast, ahead, airhead, already, bedstead, bread, breadth, breakfast, breast, breath, cleanliness, cleanse/klenz/, dead, deadline, deadly, deaf, deafen, dealt, death, dread, dreadful,
dreadnaught, dreamt, endeavor, farmstead, feather, head, header, heading, headline, headstart, health, healthy, heather, heaven, heavy, homestead, instead, jealous, jealousy, lead/led/, leady,
leapt, leather, leaven, meadow, meant, measure, peasant, pheasant, pleasant, pleasure, read/red/, ready, realm, spread, stead, steady, steadfast, stealth, sweat, sweater, thread, threat,
threaten, treachery, tread, treadle, treadmill, treasure, unhealthy, unleaded, unsteady, wealth, wealthy, weapon, weather, zealot, zealotry, zealous
Short I ---「短音」の i
"i"（基本）--- hit, hidden, list, mission, little, riddle
"y"（容認）--- gym, hymn, mystery, system
変則的な つづり --- been, breeches(britches)
《プチつづり字改革》
busy === bisy
pretty === pritty
sieve === siv
(women)===(wimmen, wimmin)
build, guild, guilt などにおける u は発音しない。
Short O ---「短音」の o
"o"(基本パターン) --- hot, shock, top, bottle
"a"(/w/音の直後で)--- quality, watch, what, swan
《プチつづり字改革》
bureaucracy === burocracy （ただし、"bureau" の "-eau" は維持。）
bureaucrat === burocrat （-eau- は bureaucracy に準ずる。）
cough === coff
trough === troff
yacht === yot
Short U ---「短音」の u
"u"（基本） --- cut, butter, must, shuttle
"o"（容認） --- none, other, some, son
"ou"（変則的）--- country, southern ; cousin(or cuzzen?)
《プチつづり字改革》
does === dus
doesn't === dusn't
blood === blud
bloody === bluddy
flood === flud
flooding === fludding
enough === enuff
rough === ruff
tough === tuff
couple === cupple
double === dubble
trouble === trubble
touch === tutch (cf. clutch, Dutch, hutch)
young === yung
courage === currage
discourage === discurrage
encourage === encurrage
flourish === flurrish
nourish === nurrish
Long Vowels 「長音」
Long A ---「長音」の a --- a, ai, ay, ey
aCe --- bake, brake, cake, date, fake, game, lake, lane, make, male, mane, name, plane, race, rate, space, spade, stake, tale, tame, wane
aCle --- cable, cradle, gable, maple, stable, table
ai --- bail, chain, fail, gain, jail, mail, main, nail, pain, plain, rain, sail, tail, train ; contain, container, entertain, entertainment, maintain, maintenance ; Haiti, Jamaika, Ukraine
ay --- away, bay, clay, day, gray, hay, lay, may, nay, pay, play, pray, ray, say, slay, stay, sway, tray, way
ey --- they, grey, hey, obey, prey, survey
ei --- beige, feint, geisha, rein, seine ; deign, feign, reign
eigh --- eight, freight, neigh, sleigh, weigh, weight
aigh --- straight
aCCe --- acre, angel, arrange, change, danger, mange, range, strange, stranger, baste, haste, lambaste, paste, taste, waste
e (外来パターン)--- mesa, vega ; attache, cafe, souffle, touche
ee （外来パターン）--- matinee, soiree, toupee, nee
er （外来パターン）--- atelier, dossier, hotelier
《プチつづり字改革》
break === braik
great === grait
steak === staik
yea === yay
bass === bace, (or baiss?)
gauge === gage, (or gaige?)
thegn === thane
deign, feign, reign の g は 発音しない。
aweigh, eight, eighteen, eighty, freight, freighter, inveigh, neigh, neighbor, sleigh, weigh, weight
straight === strate
Long E ---「長音」の e --- e, ee, ea ; (ストレスのない)-y
eCe --- eve, mete, Pete
ee/eaCle --- eagle, beetle, needle
ee --- bee, deep, feel, free, jeep, keen, keep, knee, meet, need, peel, queen, reel, see, sheep, speed, steel, tree
ea --- beach, deal, each, east, easy, feature, heat, leader, meal, mean, peace, peak, reach, read, seat, tea, team, weak, wreath
ie --- field, shield, wield, yield, achieve, believe, brief, grief, thief ; niece, piece, priest
(ストレスのない)-ie --- cookie, doggie, hippie, newbie, rookie
(ストレスのない)-y --- baby, city, easy, factory, happy, history, hobby, lucky, memory, sissy, tiny, victory
(ストレスのない)-ey --- chimney, hockey, medley
(ストレスのない)-i --- safari, salami, taxi
外来パターン --- "i"(kiosk, police, ski, trio, unique, visa)
《プチつづり字改革》
ae, oe を e の「長音」で読む場合。
ae(aegis), oe(coelacanth, phoenix)
ei や ie を ee のように読む単語。
ei --- ceiling, deceit, deceive, perceive, receipt, receive, seize
ie --- achieve, belief, shield ; cookie, doggie, hippie
-ey を ee のように読む単語。
-ey --- key ; chimney, hockey, medley
その他
people === peeple, (peple)
Long I ---「長音」の i --- i, -y, -ie, -ye, -igh ; -uy
iCe --- bite, fine, ice, line, nice, price, rice, white
-yCe --- byte, chyme, cyme, rhyme, style, thyme
iCle --- Bible, idle, rifle, title
-yCle --- cycle
-i --- hi, hi-fi, pi, alibi, alkali, Magi, rabbi
-y --- by, cry, dry, fly, fry, my, ply, pry, shy, sky, spy, sty, thy, try
-ie --- die, lie, pie, tie
-ye --- dye, bye, lye, rye
-igh --- high, nigh, sigh, thigh, fight, light, might, night, right, sight, tight
-iCC --- child, mild, wild, bind, blind, find, grind, kind, mind, wind(v.), pint
-uy --- buy, guy
ei --- feisty, kaleidoscope, Poseidon, (Holstein)
aye, eye
特殊外来パターン--- ai --- haiku, aikido
island, isle, islet の s は 発音しない。
《プチつづり字改革》
aisle === yle
height === hight, hite
sleight === slyte
Long O ---「長音」の o --- o, oa, -oe, oh ; eau
oCe --- hole, home, hope, mode, note, pole, role, rote, vote
oCle --- noble
-o --- go, no, so
oa --- boast, boat, coach, coal, coast, coat, goal, loan, moan, roast, soap, toast
-oe --- doe, foe, roe, toe, woe ; TOEFL, TOEIC
oh --- doh, oh, ohm
oCC（変則的）--- bold, cold, fold, gold, hold, mold, sold, told ; ghost, host, most, post
eau（外来語）--- beau, plateau
au（外来語）--- gauche, haute, au pair
《プチつづり字改革》
comb === coam
sew /soU/ === soe
sewing === soeing
control === controle
controller === controler
roll === role
scroll === scrole
stroll === strole
troll === trole
ou(soul, shoulder, poultry)
ow(blow, flow, know, slow, throw, window, bowl, own)
cocoa === cocoe
whoa === whoe(?)
保留 --- show(or "sho"?) ; bouquet, brooch
Long U ---「長音」の u --- u, -ue, eu, ew
/ju:/と/u:/の 厳密な 発音上の 区別は ここでは 考慮しない。
uCe --- cute, fuse, mute, use
uCle --- ruble, scruple
-u --- mu, thru, gnu
-ue --- cue, due, hue
eu --- eulogy, feudal
ew --- few, new, stew
変則的 --- Houston ; Hugh, Hughes, Hughie ; impugn
要注意 --- coupon（ou の読みかた２種類）
《プチつづり字改革》
beautiful === beutiful, butiful
beautify === beutify, butify
beauty === beuty, buty (cf. duty)
bruise === bruse
cruise === cruse
decruit === decrute
fruit === frute
juice === juce
juicy === jucy
nuisance === nusance
recruit === recrute
sluice === sluce
suit === sute
suitable === sutable
（bruit や puisne は 保留。）
view === vew
viewer === vewer
viewpoint === vewpoint
overview === overvew
preview === prevew
review === revew
shoes === shues
Long-OO and Short-OO
Long OO ---「長音」の oo
"oo"（基本）--- boo, boom, boost, food, fool, gloomy, loo, mood, noodle, noon, poodle, pool, room, stool, taboo, tool, zoo
"u", "-ue", "-uCe（容認）--- luge, rue, rule, thru
"ew"（容認）--- crew, screw, shrewd, threw, etc.
外来パターン --- "ou"(acoustic, ghoul, group, rouge, soup)
《プチつづり字改革》
canoe === canoo
"-ove"(approve, move, improve, prove, remove)
Short OO ---「短音」の oo
"oo" --- book, cook, foot, hood, look, shook, soot, stood, took, wood, wool ; cookie, rookie
"u" --- bull, bush, cushion, full, pull, push, put
特殊例外--- could, should, would
（それぞれ、cood, shood, wood/wud か？）
Other Vowels
oi/oy
"oi"--- broil, coil, coin, foil, join, joint, loin, moist, noise, oil, point, soil, toilet, voice
"oy"--- boy, destroy, employ, joy, oyster, soy, toy
ou/ow
ou --- about, bound, bout, couch, ground, loud, mound, mouse, mouth, ouch, oust, out, proud, round, sound, south
ow --- brow, brown, cow, down, drown, fowl, frown, gown, how, howl, now, plow, pow, powder, towel, vow, vowel
外来パターン --- gaucho, gauss
au/aw
"au"--- cause, faucet, pause, sauce
"aw"--- awful, crawl, law, straw
"al"--- chalk, talk, walk
"a"＋"ll"--- all, ball, call, fall, hall, install, mall, stall, tall, wall
《プチつづり字改革》
abroad === abraud
broad === braud
broadcast === braudcast
water === wauter
Braud A ---「開口音」の a
"a" --- father, spa
たまに "aa" や "ah" も。
calm, palm, psalm や aunt(英音)にも注意。
Vowels folloed by R 「R付きの母音表記」
ER/IR/UR sound(as in mercy, first, and turn)
er --- certain, concern, derby(AmE), her, jerk, merchant, mercury, nerd, nerve, term, version, verb
ir --- birth, circle, dirty, fir, first, girl, hircine, Kirk, sir, stir, third, thirst, virgin, zircon
ur --- burn, burst, curse, curtain, fur, hurdle, lurk, murmur, nurse, purse, turn, urban, urchin, urn
w の直後の "or" --- word, work, world, worm, worse, worst
《プチつづり字改革》
"ear"(earn, earnest, heard, learn, research, search)
"our"(journal, sojourn)
attorney === atturney, aturny
colonel === curnel
were === wer
AR sound(as in "car" and "mark")
"ar"--- bar, car, card, dark, mark, market, martial, part, partial, star
《プチつづり字改革》
are (be動詞)=== ar
aren't === arn't
hearken === harken
heart === hart
hearth === harth
保留 --- "sergeant"などの前半, derby
AIR sound(as in "fair")
"-are"---bare, care, snare
"air"--- fair, pair, stair
保留 --- -eir(heir, their), -ere(there, where)
《プチつづり字改革》
--- "ear"(bear, swear, wear)
bear --- bair
pear --- (peir)
tear --- tair(verb)
swear --- swair
wear --- wair
forbear --- forbair
forswear --- forswair
outwear --- outwair
aerial === airial
canary === canairy
scarce === scairce
EER sound(as in "beer")
"-ere"--- here, mere, sphere
"ear" --- dear, hear, smear
"eer" --- beer, deer, steer
《プチつづり字改革》 --- weird, weirdo, fierce, pierce, frontier
IRE sound(as in "fire")
"ire"--- fire, hire, ire, mire, quire, sire, tire, wire
-yre --- gyre, lyre, pyre, tyre
容認--- buyer, liar
保留 --- choir
《プチつづり字改革》
fiery === firey
cryer/crier, dryer/drier, flyer/flier, fryer/frier
OR/ORE sound
"or"--- nor, or, pork, torch
"oar"--- boar, hoarse, roar, soar
"ore"--- bore, core, more, sore
"-aur" --- dinosaur
w 音の直後の"ar" --- war, warm, warn, warp, award, dwarf
《プチつづり字改革》
pour, course, source ; door, floor ; sword
--- poar, corse, sorce ; dor, flor ; sord
URE sound
"-ure"--- cure, pure
"eur"--- euro
"ewer"--- fewer, skewer
OOR sound
"-oor"--- boor, poor
保留 --- tour, tourist
OUR sound
"our"--- flour, hour, our, sour
"-ower"--- flower, power, shower, tower
